Annual effective dose values from ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations in soils of Manisa, Turkey

Annual effective dose values from 137 Cs activity concentrations in soils of Manisa, Turkey 1 corresp first-author Corresponding author; e-mail address:sermin.cam@cbu.edu.tr Corresponding author; e-mail address:sermin.cam@cbu.edu.tr sermin.cam@cbu.edu.tr Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey In this study, the activity concentrations of the fallout radionuclide 137 Cs in 150 soil samples collected from 13 districts of Manisa province were determined using a gamma-ray spectrometer with a NaI(Tl) detector. The health risks to people resulting from external exposure were evaluated by estimating the outdoor absorbed gamma dose rate and annual effective dose rate (outdoor and indoor). The activity concentration of 137 Cs varied from 3.6 ± 2.0 Bq kg -1 to 124.1 ± 11.0 Bq kg -1 , with an average value of 43.3 Bq kg -1 . The average values of the outdoor absorbed gamma dose rate and annual effective dose (outdoor plus indoor) were found to be 1.3 nGy h -1 , and 8.0 µSv y -1 , (6.38µSv y -1 + 1.59 µSv y -1 ), respectively. The results were compared with internationally recommended values. 137 Cs NaI(Tl) Soil Annual effective dose Manisa 1. Introduction 1 Natural and artificial radioactive sources are the cause of radioactivity in the environment [ 1 1 ]. According to the UNSCEAR report (2000), estimates of the total radiation dose within one year indicated that about 86% of it is from natural radioactivity, whereas 14% is from anthropogenic sources [ 2 2 , 3 3 ]. Artificial radionuclides are generated in nuclear reactor accidents, military use, and nuclear industrial activities. 137 Cs is an artificial radionuclide. It is produced by activation processes and nuclear fission [ 1 1 ]. The half-life of this artificial radionuclide is approximately 30.17 years. It emits gamma rays with an energy of 661.6 keV. Gamma radiation from 137 Cs contributes to the external exposure [ 4 4 , 5 5 ]. Soil contamination by 137 Cs arises from global fallout from the atmosphere caused by nuclear weapon tests, nuclear explosions, and nuclear accidents. 137 Cs is a fission product that enters the environment [ 6 6 ]. It is the most important source of radiation exposure after nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl [ 7 7 ]. About 3.8 × 10 16 Bq of 137 Cs from the Chernobyl accident was released into the environment [ 4 4 , 8 8 ]. Measurements of 137Cs in soils provide clues to the internal and external radiation exposure of people living in the investigated areas. The movement of 137 Cs into the food chain depends powerfully on the soil composition and on the migration action of 137 Cs in the soil. Thus, the measurement of 137 Cs in soils is important for radioecology and radiological protection [ 7 7 ]. After the Chernobyl accident, an important reactor accidents, experimental studies were performed to determine the levels of 137 Cs contamination in soils taken from different areas of the world [ 4 4 , 5 5 , 9 9 - 13 13 9-13 ]. This study aims to determine the 137 Cs deposition levels in Manisa, Turkey, and to provide regional background levels for the study area. The data in this study will be useful as reference data for future prediction of human exposure. 2. Materials and methods 1 2.1. Study area 2 The city of Manisa is located in the Aegean Region of Turkey ( Fig. 1 Fig. 1 ). Manisa province is surrounded by Uşak and Kütahya to the east, Balıkesir to the north, Aydın to the south, Denizli to the southeast, and Izmir to the west and southwest. The province has a population of approximately 1,380,366. I ts surface area is 13,810 km 2 .Geographically, the city of Manisa lies between 27° 08′ and 29°05′ E longitudes and 38°04′ and 39°58′ N latitudes. There are mountains and rugged areas to the north, east, and south of the city of Manisa. There are creeks and streams to the west of the city.The elevation of the city of Manisa increases from west to east (50 to 850 m). The height of the city center is 71 m. The highest point in the center is Spil Mountain (1513 m). The highest point of the city of Manisa is in Salihli Bozdağlar Kumtepe (2070 m). The highest district in the province is Demirci (850 m). Manisa province is made up of 16 districts: Ahmetli,Akhisar, Alaşehir, Center-Manisa, Demirci, Gölmarmara, Gördes, Kırkağaç, Köprübaşı, Kula, Salihli, Sarigol, Saruhanli, Selendi, Soma, and Turgutlu. 2.2. 137 Cs activity measurements 2 One hundred fifty sampling locations in Manisa province were chosen for soil sampling. The number of sampling locations by districts varies as follows:: Akhisar, 36; Alaşehir,2; Center-Manisa, 1; Demirci, 22; Gölmarmara, 15; Gördes, 29; Kırkağaç, 1; Köprübaşı, 19; Kula, 1; Salihli,19; Saruhanlı, 1; Soma,2; and Turgutlu, 2. The sampling locations are located close to highways. Soil samples of approximately 2 kg were taken from 15–20 cm of soil in uncultivated areas, and stones, pebbles, vegetation, and roots were removed. They were placed in clear plastic bags, labelled according to the location of the sampling point, and taken to the laboratory. The coordinates of each sampling point were measured with a GPS navigator (Garmin). All the soil samples collected in the study area were dried at 50°C for 24 h to remove moisture. These samples were sieved. 1 kg of soil samples were weighed and placed in Marinelli beakers. Each of the soil samples was measured using a γ-spectrometer equipped with a 3-in. × 3-in. NaI(Tl) detector. The NaI(Tl) detector was coupled to an Ortec multichannel analyzer. For system calibration, the radioactive 137 Cs standard source taken from Cekmece Nuclear Research and Training Center of Turkish Atomic Energy was used in this study. The 662 keV gamma ray of 137 Cs was used for measurements. The spectrum of every soil sample was counted for 7200 s (2 h). The background measurement was conducted under the same conditions as the sample measurement. The net integral counts were determined. Then, the 137 Cs activity concentration was calculated in units of becquerels per kilogram. 3. Results and discussion 1 The 137 Cs activity concentrations measured in the soils collected from the Manisa districts are given in Table 1. Table 1. SD: Standard Deviation 1 1 Districts 2 1 137 Cs Activity Concentration (Bq kg -1 ) 1 1   1 1 Range 1 1 Mean ± SD 1 1 Akhisar 1 1 3.61 ± 2 – 88.02 ± 9 1 1 37.5 ± 6 1 1 Alaşehir 1 1 35.28 ± 6 – 38.43 ± 6 1 1 36.85 ± 6 1 1 Center-Manisa 1 1 19.90 ± 4 1 1 19.90 ± 4 1 1 Demirci 1 1 31.70 ± 6 – 99.09 ± 10 1 1 75.09 ± 9 1 1 Gölmarmara 1 1 21.19 ± 5 – 62.70 ± 8 1 1 38.79 ± 6 1 1 Gördes 1 1 11.65 ± 3 – 124.14 ± 11 1 1 62.1 ± 8 1 1 Kırkağaç 1 1 38.88 ± 6 1 1 38.88 ± 6 1 1 Köprübaşı 1 1 48.81± 7 – 94.75 ± 10 1 1 65.92 ± 8 1 1 Kula 1 1 37.48 ± 6 1 1 37.48 ± 6 1 1 Salihli 1 1 34.45 ±6 – 75.40 ± 9 1 1 53.38 ± 7 1 1 Saruhanli 1 1 27.75 ± 5 1 1 27.75 ± 5 1 1 Soma 1 1 35.08 ± 6 – 39.37 ± 6 1 1 37.22 ± 6 1 1 Turgutlu 1 1 22.36 ± 5 – 42.49 ± 7 1 1 32.43 ± 6 1 1 Total 1 1 3.61– 124.14 1 1 43.33 The activity concentrations in the soils ranged from 3.61 to 124.14 Bq kg -1 , with a mean value of 43.33 Bq kg -1 . The lowest activity of 137 Cs (3.61 Bq kg -1 ) was detected in the Akhisar district, and the highest activity (124.14 Bq kg -1 ) was detected in the Gördes district. Among the average 137 Cs activity values for the districts, the lowest was measured as 19.90 Bq kg -1 in Center-Manisa, and the highest was measured as 65.92 Bq kg -1 in the Köprübaşı district. A regional distribution map of the 137 Cs activity concentrations in the samples is given in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Figure 2 Figure 2 shows that the 137 Cs activities ( > 60 Bq kg -1 ) in the Demirci, Gördes, and Köprübaşı districts were higher than those from the Akhisar, Gölmarmara, Saruhanlı, Kula, Soma, and Turgutlu districts ( < 50 Bq kg -1 ). The Demirci, Gördes and Köprübaşı districts are at higher elevations than the other districts. 137 Cs, an artificial radionuclide, is dispersed into the environment via atomic explosions in nuclear weapons tests, surface and underground nuclear explosions, and reactor accidents such as the well-known Chernobyl accident, and presents itself as fallout in the atmosphere [ 6 6 , 14 14 ]. The presence of 137 Cs in the study region is more likely to be a consequence of the Chernobyl accident, in 1986.Due to the rainfall after the Chernobyl accident, it can be thought that the districts in this study were exposed to radioactive fallout. The major factors affecting the distribution of 137Cs worldwide are the latitude and precipitation rate [ 1 1 ]. A atmospheric deposition of 137 Cs has appeared as a characteristic background component in topsoil samples from the northern hemisphere. The deposition of the 137 Cs originating in a nuclear accident is more localized according to the meteorological conditions [ 1 1 ]. The frequency distribution of the 137 Cs activity is given in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. It shows a normal distribution. It can be seen that 98% of the samples are in the normal Gaussian distribution, and 2% are outside of this distribution. The 137 Cs activity of 98% of the samples is lower than 100 Bq kg -1 . The three soil samples taken from Gördes district are the only ones showing activities higher than 100 Bq kg -1 . The absorbed dose rate (D) in outdoor air (nGy h -1 ) at 1 m above the ground surface for 137 Cs was calculated as follows: <math display="block" id="M1"><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.03</mn><mi>A</mi></mrow></math> where, A is the specific activity of 137 Cs, and the dose conversion factor for converting the 137 Cs activity into the dose rate is 0.03 (nGy h -1 per Bq kg -1 ) [ 2 2 , 15 15 ]. The annual effective dose rate ( E ) (mSv y -1 ) was calculated as follows: <math display="block" id="M2"><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>O</mi><mi>F</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> where, Q is a conversion coefficient (0.7 Sv Gy -1 ) for converting the absorbed dose in air to the effective dose; OF is the occupancy factor for outdoors (0.2) and for indoors (0.8) and T is the number of hours in a year (8760 h) [ 2 2 , 16 16 ]. The absorbed dose rate and annual effective doses (outdoor, indoor, and total) were calculated from the 137 Cs activity concentrations measured in the soil samples ( Table 2 Table 2 ). The calculated results showed that the annual effective dose (total) varied from 3.66 (in the Center- Manisa district) to 13.81 µSv y -1 (in the Demirci district), with a mean value of 7.97 µSv y -1 . These results are below the worldwide annual dose value of 70 µSv y -1 reported by UNSCEAR. In addition, the highest value (13.81 µSv y -1 )is approximately one-fifth of 70 µSv y -1 . 1 1 Districts 1 1 Dose Rate (nGy h -1 ) 3 1 Annual Effective Dose Rate (µSv y -1 ) 1 1   1 1   1 1 Outdoor 1 1 Indoor 1 1 Total 1 1 Akhisar 1 1 1.13 1 1 1.38 1 1 5.52 1 1 6.90 1 1 Alaşehir 1 1 1.11 1 1 1.36 1 1 5.42 1 1 6.78 1 1 Center-Manisa 1 1 0.60 1 1 0.73 1 1 2.93 1 1 3.66 1 1 Demirci 1 1 2.25 1 1 2.76 1 1 11.05 1 1 13.81 1 1 Gölmarmara 1 1 1.16 1 1 1.43 1 1 5.71 1 1 7.13 1 1 Gördes 1 1 1.86 1 1 2.28 1 1 9.14 1 1 11.42 1 1 Kırkağaç 1 1 1.17 1 1 1.43 1 1 5.72 1 1 7.15 1 1 Köprübaşı 1 1 1.98 1 1 2.43 1 1 9.70 1 1 12.13 1 1 Kula 1 1 1.12 1 1 1.38 1 1 5.52 1 1 6.89 1 1 Salihli 1 1 1.60 1 1 1.96 1 1 7.86 1 1 9.82 1 1 Saruhanlı 1 1 0.83 1 1 1.02 1 1 4.08 1 1 5.10 1 1 Soma 1 1 1.12 1 1 1.37 1 1 5.48 1 1 6.85 1 1 Turgutlu 1 1 0.97 1 1 1.19 1 1 4.77 1 1 5.97 1 1 Range 1 1 0.60-2.25 1 1 0.73-2.76 1 1 2.93-11.05 1 1 3.66-13.81 1 1 Mean 1 1 1.30 1 1 1.59 1 1 6.38 1 1 7.97 The measured activity and calculated annual effective dose from 137 Cs in this study were compared with those in reported studies of other countries worldwide and other provinces of Turkey ( Table 3 Table 3 ). The maximum annual effective dose from 137 Cs in this study is higher than the results calculated for the Sultanate of Oman, Pakistan, and Ordu (Turkey), but lower than those for the Eastern Black Sea (Turkey). 1 1 Country 1 1 137 Cs (Bq kg -1 ) 1 1 Annual Effective Dose (µSv y -1 ) 1 1   Reference 1 1 Sultanate of Oman 1 1 27.5 – 15,350Bq.m -2 1 1 0.02 – 8.48 1 1 [ 1 1 ] 1 1 Kars (Turkey) 1 1 18.1 1 1 – 1 1 [ 3 3 ] 1 1 Egypt 1 1 0 – 35.70 1 1 – 1 1 [ 5 5 ] 1 1 Turkey 1 1 2.81 – 20.75 1 1   1 1 [ 6 6 ] 1 1 Saudi Arabia 1 1 0.8 – 3.1 1 1 0.05 – 0.8 nSv.h -1 1 1 [ 8 8 ] 1 1 India 1 1 1.0 – 2.8 1 1 – 1 1 [ 9 9 ] 1 1 Egypt 1 1 1.2 – 15.1 1 1 – 1 1 [ 10 10 ] 1 1 Republika Srpska 1 1 2.1 – 68 1 1 – 1 1 [ 11 11 ] 1 1 Hungary 1 1 0.5 – 61.1 1 1 – 1 1 [ 13 13 ] 1 1 Ordu (Turkey) 1 1 67.4 – 275.3 1 1 2.5 – 10.1 1 1 [ 14 14 ] 1 1 Pakistan 1 1 0.076 – 2.94 1 1 0.0123 – 0.54 1 1 [ 15 15 ] 1 1 Korea 1 1 5.9 – 285.4 1 1   1 1 [ 17 17 ] 1 1 Kocaeli (Turkey) 1 1 2 – 25 1 1 – 1 1 [ 18 18 ] 1 1 Adana (Turkey) 1 1 0.1 – 28 1 1   1 1 [ 19 19 ] 1 1 Eastern Black Sea (Turkey) 1 1 27 – 775 1 1 0.98 – 28.11 1 1 [ 20 20 ] 1 1 Trabzon (Turkey) 1 1 6 – 199 1 1   1 1 [ 21 21 ] 1 1 Manisa province (Turkey) 1 1 3.61 – 124.14 1 1 3.66 – 13.81 1 1 Present work When the results of this study are compared to those of other studies, they are found to be higher than those reported for Saudi Arabia (0.8–3.1 Bq kg -1 ), Egypt (0– 5.70 Bq kg -1 ), India (1.0–2.8 Bq kg -1 ), Egypt (1.2– 5.1 Bq kg -1 ), Republika Srpska (2.1–68 Bq kg -1 ), Hungary (0.5–61.1 Bq kg -1 ), Turkey (2.81–20.75 Bq kg -1 ), Adana (Turkey) (0.1–28 Bq kg -1 ), Kocaeli (Turkey) (2–25 Bq kg -1 ), and Kars (Turkey) (18.1 Bq kg -1 ), but lower than those for Korea, (5.9–285.4 Bq kg -1 ), the Eastern Black Sea (Turkey) (27–775 Bq kg -1 ), Ordu (Turkey) (67.4–275.3 Bq kg -1 ), and Trabzon (Turkey) (6–199 Bq kg -1 ). 4. Summary and Conclusion 1 In this work, the 137 Cs activity concentrations in soils from Manisa province, Turkey were determined. The average annual effective doses (outdoor, indoor, and total) for soil samples were calculated using the 137 Cs activity concentrations The following results were obtained. · The 137 Cs activity levels in soils were found to range from 3.61 Bq kg -1 (in the Akhisar district) to 124.14 Bq kg -1 (in the Gördes district), with a mean value of 43.33 Bq kg -1 for all 13 districts in Manisa province. · The average annual effective doses (outdoor, indoor, and total) of the soil samples were found to be 1.59, 6.38, and 7.97 µSv y -1 , respectively. · These calculated values were below the worldwide annual dose of 70 µSv y -1 reported by the UNSCEAR report (2000) and the recommended annual dose rate limit of 1 mSv y -1 recommended by ICRP 1990 [ 2 2 , 22 22 ]. It is thought that the radionuclide 137 Cs originated in the Chernobyl accident. The results obtained in this work showed that the 137 Cs radiation level in Manisa will not pose any significant health threat. In addition, the results will be displayed in important data for the predictions of radioactive pollution and can be used as a reference data for any radiological accident worldwide. References I.H. Saleh , Radioactivity of 238U 232Th 40K and 137Cs and assessment of depleted uranium in soil of the Musandam Peninsula Sultanate of Oman . Turkish J. Eng. Env. Sci. TUBITAK , 36 , 236 - 248 ( 2012 ). doi: 10.3906/muh-1110-1 http://doi.org/10.3906/muh-1110-1 Radioactivity of 238U 232Th 40K and 137Cs and assessment of depleted uranium in soil of the Musandam Peninsula Sultanate of Oman UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) . ( 2000 ). Sources and effects of ionizing radiation . United Nations, New York . Sources and effects of ionizing radiation G.B. Cengiz , S. Reşitoğlu , Determination of natural radioactivity levels in Kars City center, Turkey . Journal of Nuclear Sciences , 1 ( 2 ), 32‐38 , ( 2014 ). doi: 10.1501/nuclear_0000000005 http://doi.org/10.1501/nuclear_0000000005 Determination of natural radioactivity levels in Kars City center, Turkey S.N.A. Tahir , J. Jamil , J.H. Zaidi , et al ., Activity Concentration of 137Cs in soil samples from Punjab province (Pakistan) and estimation of gamma-ray dose rate for external exposure . Radiat. Prot. Dosim . 118 ( 3 ), 345 - 351 , ( 2006 ). doi: 10.1093/rpd/nci351 http://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nci351 Activity Concentration of 137Cs in soil samples from Punjab province (Pakistan) and estimation of gamma-ray dose rate for external exposure A. Nada , T.M. Abd-El Maksoud , M. Abu-Zeid Hosnia , et al ., Distribution of radionuclides in soil samples from a petrified wood forest in El-Qattamia Cairo Egypt . Appl. Radiat. Isotopes . 67 , 643 - 649 , ( 2009 ). doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.11.016 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.11.016 Distribution of radionuclides in soil samples from a petrified wood forest in El-Qattamia Cairo Egypt M.A.A. Aslani , Ş. Aytas , S. Akyil , et al ., Activity concentration of caesium-137 in agricultural soils . J. Environ. Radioact . 65 , 131 - 145 , ( 2003 ). doi: 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00092-9 http://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00092-9 Activity concentration of caesium-137 in agricultural soils A. Daraoui , R. Michel , M. Gorny , et al ., Iodine-129, Iodine-127 and Caesium-137 in the environment, soils from Germany and Chile . J. Environ. Radioact . 112 , 8 - 22 , ( 2012 ). doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.02.011 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.02.011 Iodine-129, Iodine-127 and Caesium-137 in the environment, soils from Germany and Chile A.S. Alaamer , Characterization of 137Cs in Riyadh Saudi Arabia soil samples . World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology , 2 , 161 - 164 , ( 2012 ). doi: 10.4236/wjnst.2012.24024 http://doi.org/10.4236/wjnst.2012.24024 Characterization of 137Cs in Riyadh Saudi Arabia soil samples V. Kannan , M.P. Rajan , M.A.R. Iyengar , et al ., Distribution of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in soil and beach sand samples of Kalpakkam (India) using hyper pure germanium (HPGe) gamma ray spectrometry . Appl. Radiat. Isotopes . 57 , 109 - 119 , ( 2002 ). doi: 10.1016/S0969-8043(01)00262-7 http://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043(01)00262-7 Distribution of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in soil and beach sand samples of Kalpakkam (India) using hyper pure germanium (HPGe) gamma ray spectrometry H.I. El-Reefy , T. Sharshar , R. Zaghloul , et al ., Distribution of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in the environment of Burullus Lake, I soils and vegetations . J. Environ. Radioact . 87 , 148 - 169 , ( 2006 ). doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.11.006 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.11.006 Distribution of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in the environment of Burullus Lake, I soils and vegetations M. Jankovic , D. Todorovic , M. Savanovic , Radioactivity measurements in soil samples collected in the Republic of Srpska . Radiat. Meas . 43 , 1448 - 1452 , ( 2008 ). doi: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.03.004 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.03.004 Radioactivity measurements in soil samples collected in the Republic of Srpska A. Sakaguchi , A. Kadokura , P. Steier , et al ., Isotopic determination of U, Pu and Cs in environmental waters following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident . Geochemical Journal , 46 , 355 - 360 , ( 2012 ). doi: 10.2343/geochemj.2.0216 http://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.2.0216 Isotopic determination of U, Pu and Cs in environmental waters following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident K.Z. Szabo , B. Udvardi , A. Horvath , et al ., Cesium-137 concentration of soils in Pest County Hungary . J. Environ. Radioact . 110 , 38 - 45 , ( 2012 ). doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.01.023 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.01.023 Cesium-137 concentration of soils in Pest County Hungary N. Celik , N. Damla , U. Cevik , Gamma ray concentrations in soil and building materials in Ordu, Turkey . Radiat Eff. Defects Solids . 165 , 1 - 10 , ( 2010 ). doi: 10.1080/10420150903173270 http://doi.org/10.1080/10420150903173270 Gamma ray concentrations in soil and building materials in Ordu, Turkey M. Rafique , Cesium-137 activity concentrations in soil and brick samples of Mirpur Azad Kashmir Pakistan . Int. J. Radiat. Res . 12 ( 1 ), 39 - 46 , ( 2014 ). Cesium-137 activity concentrations in soil and brick samples of Mirpur Azad Kashmir Pakistan A. Al-Sharkawy , M. Th. Hiekal , M.I. Sherif , et al ., Environmental assessment of gamma-radiation levels in stream sediments around Sharm El-Sheikh . South Sinai, Egypt. J. Environ. Radioact . 112 , 76 - 82 , ( 2012 ). doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.05.020 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.05.020 Environmental assessment of gamma-radiation levels in stream sediments around Sharm El-Sheikh M.H. Lee , C.W. Lee , Association of fallout-derived 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu with natural organic substances in soils . J. Environ. Radioact . 47 , 253 - 262 , ( 2000 ). doi: 10.1016/S0265-931X(99)00033-8 http://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(99)00033-8 Association of fallout-derived 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu with natural organic substances in soils B. Karakelle , N. Öztürk , A. Köse , et al ., Natural radioactivity in soil samples of Kocaeli basin Turkey . J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem . 254 , 649 - 651 , ( 2002 ). doi: 10.1023/A:1021635415222 http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021635415222 . Natural radioactivity in soil samples of Kocaeli basin Turkey M. Degerlier , G. Karahan , G. Ozger , Radioactivity concentrations and dose assessment for soil samples around Adana, Turkey . J. Environ. Radioact . 99 , 1018 - 1025 , ( 2008 ). doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.12.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.12.015 Radioactivity concentrations and dose assessment for soil samples around Adana, Turkey N. Celik , U. Cevik , A. Celik , et al ., Natural and artificial radioactivity measurements in Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey . J. Hazard. Mater . 162 , 146 - 153 . ( 2009 ). doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.017 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.017 Natural and artificial radioactivity measurements in Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey A. Kurnaz , B. Kücükömeroğlu , N. Damla , et al ., Radiological maps for Trabzon . Turkey. J. Environ. Radioact . 102 , 393 - 399 , ( 2011 ). doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.02.009 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.02.009 Radiological maps for Trabzon ICRP, (International Commission on Radiological Protection) . Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection . Pergamon Press Oxford ( 1990 ). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection I amgrateful to Umit Hüseyin Kaynar for his support of this work. 10.1007/s41365-018-0440-y 2017-10-10 2018-01-03 2018-01-18 2018-05-29 2018-07-01 2021-04-11 © China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChineseNuclear Society and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Nuclear Science and Techniques. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-018-0440-y http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-018-0440-y . 2018 Nuclear Science and Techniques 07 29