Nuclear in-medium effects on η dynamics in proton-nucleus collisions

Nuclear in-medium effects on η dynamics in proton-nucleus collisions 1 2 first-author 1 3 corresp Corresponding author, Tel. +86 931 4969152. fengzhq@impcas.ac.cn Corresponding author, Tel. +86 931 4969152. fengzhq@impcas.ac.cn fengzhq@impcas.ac.cn 1 Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China The dynamics of the η meson produced in proton-induced nuclear reactions via the decay of N ∗ (1535) has been investigated within the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics transport model (LQMD). The in-medium modifications of the η production in dense nuclear matter are included in the model, in which an attractive η -nucleon potential is implemented. The impact of the η optical potential on the η dynamics is investigated. It is found that the attractive potential leads to the reduction of high-momentum (kinetic energy) production from the spectra of momentum distributions and inclusive cross sections and increasing the reabsorption process by surrounding nucleons. LQMD model η production in-medium effects proton-nucleus collisions 1 Introduction 1 The in-medium properties of hadrons are one of the topical issues in nuclear physics, in particular related to chiral symmetry restoration, phase-transition from quark-gluon plasma to hadrons, nuclear equations of state (EoS), structure of neutron stars, etc. [ 1 1 - 3 3 1-3 ]. Theoretically, because of the asymptotic freedom of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), it is hard to directly obtain the in-medium properties of hadrons from QCD. Therefore, many effective field models have been used. Heavy-ion collisions in terrestrial laboratories provide a way to study the in-medium properties of hadrons in dense nuclear matter and to extract the high-density behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy (isospin asymmetric part of EoS) [ 4 4 ]. To understand the experimental data from heavy-ion collisions and hadron induced reactions, microscopic transport models are necessary. The properties of hadrons in a nuclear medium are related to the issues of the interaction potential between the hadron and nucleon, in-medium corrections of cross sections on hadrons and resonance productions, reabsorption processes, etc. The properties of η in the nuclear medium has been investigated by several approaches, such as the quark-meson coupling (QMC) model [ 5 5 , 6 6 ], the chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) [ 7 7 - 9 9 7-9 ], the relativistic mean-field theory (RMF) [ 8 8 ], the chiral unitary approach, etc. [ 10 10 ]. Up until now, the strength of the η optical potential at normal nuclear density is not well refined, i.e., in the range from -20 MeV to -90 MeV predicted by different models [ 9 9 ]. Measurements of η production in proton-nucleus collisions were performed in experiments [ 11 11 , 12 12 ]. In this work, the dynamics of η in proton and heavy-ion induced nuclear reactions is to be investigated within an isospin and momentum dependent transport model (Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics transport model) [ 13 13 - 15 15 13-15 ]. The impacts of the η -nucleon potential and symmetry energy on particle emission will be explored. The article is organized as follows. In Sect. 2 we give a brief description of the LQMD model. The in-medium effects on η production are discussed in Sect. 3. Conclusions are summarized in Sect. 4. 2 Model description 1 It is well known that the wave function for each nucleon in the QMD-like models is represented by a Gaussian wave packet as follows [ 16 16 ] <math display="block" id="M1"><mrow><msub><mi>ψ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mi>L</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mi>exp</mi><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>L</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow><mi>exp</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>⋅</mo><mi>r</mi></mrow><mi>ℏ</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> Here r i ( t ) and p i ( t ) are the centers of the ith nucleon in the coordinate and momentum space, respectively. The L is the square of the Gaussian wave packet width, which depends on the mass number of the nucleus being in the form of L =(0.92+0.08 A 1/3 ) 2 fm 2 [ 17 17 ]. The total N-body wave function is assumed to be the direct product of the coherent states, where antisymmetrization is neglected. After performing a Wigner transformation for Eq. (1), we get the Wigner density as: <math display="block" id="M2"><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>p</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></munder></mstyle><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>p</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math> with <math display="block" id="M3"><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>p</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>π</mi><mi>ℏ</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mi>exp</mi><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>L</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>⋅</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mi>ℏ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> Then the density distributions in the coordinate and momentum space are given by: <math display="block" id="M4"><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></munder></mstyle><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mi>L</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mi>exp</mi><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>L</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow><mn>,</mn></mrow></math> <math display="block" id="M5"><mrow><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>p</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></munder></mstyle><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi><msup><mi>ℏ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>exp</mi><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>⋅</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mi>ℏ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow><mn>,</mn></mrow></math> respectively, where the sum runs over all nucleons in the reaction systems. In the LQMD model, the dynamics of the resonances ( Δ (1232), N*(1440), N*(1535)), hyperons ( Λ , ∑ , Ξ , Ω ) and mesons ( π , η , K , <math id="M6"><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>K</mi><mo stretchy="true">¯</mo></mover></mrow></math> ) are described via hadron-hadron collisions, decays of resonances, mean-field potentials, and corrections on threshold energies of elementary cross sections [ 14 14 , 18 18 ]. The temporal evolutions of the baryons (nucleons and resonances) and mesons in the reaction system under the self-consistently generated mean-field are governed by Hamilton’s equations of motion, which read as <math display="block" id="M7"><mrow><msub><mstyle mathvariant="bold" mathsize="normal"><mover accent="true"><mi>p</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mstyle><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><msub><mstyle mathvariant="bold" mathsize="normal"><mi>r</mi></mstyle><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac><mn>,</mn><mtext> </mtext><msub><mstyle mathvariant="bold" mathsize="normal"><mover accent="true"><mi>r</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mstyle><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><msub><mstyle mathvariant="bold" mathsize="normal"><mi>p</mi></mstyle><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> The Hamiltonian of baryons consists of the relativistic energy, the effective interaction potential, and the momentum dependent part as follows: <math display="block" id="M8"><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></munder></mstyle><msqrt><mrow><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></msqrt><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mtext>int</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mtext>mom</mtext></mrow></msub><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> Here the p i and m i represent the momentum and the mass of the baryons. The effective interaction potential is composed of the Coulomb interaction and the local interaction potential <math display="block" id="M9"><mrow><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mtext>int</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mtext>Coul</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mtext>loc</mtext></mrow></msub><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> The Coulomb interaction potential is written as <math display="block" id="M10"><mrow><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mtext>Coul</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>j</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>j</mi><mo>≠</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow></munder></mstyle><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>L</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>,</mn></mrow></math> where the e j is the charge number, including protons and charged resonances. r ij =| r i - r j | is the relative distance between two charged particles. The local interaction potential is derived from the Skyrme energy-density functional in the form of U loc = V loc ( ρ (r))dr. The energy-density functional reads <math display="block" id="M11"><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>l</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>α</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>ρ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>γ</mi></mrow></mfrac><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>ρ</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>γ</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn><mi>γ</mi></msubsup></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mrow><mtext>sym</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>loc</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>ρ</mi><msup><mi>δ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mrow><mtext>sur</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>∇</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mi>g</mi><mrow><mtext>sur</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>iso</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mo>∇</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mi>p</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> where the ρ n , ρ p , and ρ = ρ n + ρ p are the neutron, proton, and total densities, respectively, and the δ =( ρ n - ρ p )/( ρ n + ρ p ) is the isospin asymmetry. The coefficients α , β , γ , g sur , <math id="M12"><mrow><msubsup><mi>g</mi><mrow><mtext>sur</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>iso</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> , and ρ 0 are set to values of -215.7 MeV, 142.4 MeV, 1.322, 23 MeV fm 2 , -2.7 MeV fm 2 , and 0.16 fm -3 , respectively. A Skyrme-type momentum-dependent potential is used in the LQMD model [ 13 13 ] <math display="block" id="M13"><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mtext>mom</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>j</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>j</mi><mo>≠</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow></munder></mstyle><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munder><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>τ</mi><mn>,</mn><msup><mi>τ</mi><mo>′</mo></msup></mrow></munder></mstyle><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>τ</mi><mn>,</mn><msup><mi>τ</mi><mo>′</mo></msup></mrow></msub><msub><mi>δ</mi><mrow><mi>τ</mi><mn>,</mn><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></msub><msub><mi>δ</mi><mrow><msup><mi>τ</mi><mo>′</mo></msup><mn>,</mn><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow></msub><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><mo>∫</mo></mrow></mstyle><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><mo>∫</mo></mrow></mstyle><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><mo>∫</mo></mrow></mstyle><mtext>d</mtext><mi>p</mi><mtext>d</mtext><mi>p</mi><mo>'</mo><mtext>d</mtext><mi>r</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>r</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>p</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>ϵ</mi><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>'</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>j</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>r</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>p</mi><mo>'</mo><mn>,</mn><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> Here C τ , τ = C mom (1+ x ), C τ , τ’ = C mom (1- x ) ( τ ≠ τ’ ), and the isospin symbols τ ( τ’ ) represent a proton or neutron. The parameters C mom and ϵ were determined by fitting the real part of optical potential as a function of the incident energy from the proton-nucleus elastic scattering data. In the calculation, we take the values of 1.76 MeV and 500 c 2 /GeV 2 for the C mom and ϵ , respectively, which result in the effective mass m ∗ / m =0.75 in the nuclear medium at a saturation density for symmetric nuclear matter. The parameter x , as the strength of the isospin splitting with a value of -0.65, is taken in this work, which leads to the mass splitting of <math id="M14"><mrow><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mtext>n</mtext><mo>*</mo></msubsup><mo>></mo><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mtext>p</mtext><mo>*</mo></msubsup></mrow></math> in the nuclear medium. A compression modulus of K=230 MeV for isospin symmetric nuclear matter is concluded in the LQMD model. The Hamiltonian of the η meson is constructed as follows: <math display="block" id="M15"><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>η</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>η</mi></msub></mrow></munderover></mstyle><msqrt><mrow><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mi>η</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></msqrt><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>η</mi><mrow><mtext>opt</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mn>,</mn><msub><mtext>ρ</mtext><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> The optical potential <math id="M16"><mrow><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>η</mi><mrow><mi>o</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> is <math display="block" id="M17"><mrow><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>η</mi><mrow><mtext>opt</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mi>η</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></msqrt><mo>−</mo><msqrt><mrow><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mi>η</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></msqrt><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> The effective mass of the η meson in the nuclear medium reads [ 8 8 ] <math display="block" id="M18"><mrow><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mi>η</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mi>η</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>Σ</mi><mrow><mi>η</mi><mi>N</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><msup><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mtext>s</mtext></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mi>κ</mi><mrow><msup><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mtext>s</mtext></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msqrt><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> Here the pion decay constant f π =92.4 MeV, ∑ ηN =280 MeV, κ =0.4 fm, the η mass m η =547 MeV and ρ s being the scalar nucleon density. The value of <math id="M19"><mrow><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>η</mi><mrow><mtext>opt</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo></mrow></math> -94 MeV is obtained with zero momentum and saturation density, ρ = ρ 0 . Shown in Fig. 1 Fig. 1 is the optical potential as functions of momentum and baryon density, respectively. The strength of the potential increases with the baryon density, but decreases with the η momentum. It is shown that the potential will influence the η dynamics in dense nuclear matter. The scattering in two-particle collisions is performed by using a Monte Carlo procedure, in which the probability to be a channel in a collision is calculated by the contribution of the channel cross section to the total cross section. The primary products in nucleon-nucleon (NN) collisions are the resonances of Δ (1232), N ∗ (1440), and N ∗ (1535). We have included the reaction channels as follows: <math display="block" id="M20"><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi><mo>↔</mo><mi>N</mi><mi>Δ</mi><mn>,</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi><mo>↔</mo><mi>N</mi><msup><mi>N</mi><mo>∗</mo></msup><mn>,</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi><mo>↔</mo><mi>Δ</mi><mi>Δ</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>Δ</mi><mo>↔</mo><mi>N</mi><mi>π</mi><mn>,</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msup><mi>N</mi><mo>∗</mo></msup><mo>↔</mo><mi>N</mi><mi>π</mi><mn>,</mn><mtext> </mtext><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi><mo>↔</mo><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi><mi>π</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>,</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msup><mi>N</mi><mo>∗</mo></msup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1535</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>↔</mo><mi>N</mi><mi>η</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> The cross sections for N ∗ (1535) production can be estimated from the empirical η yields [ 19 19 ], such as ( pp ( nn ) NN (1535)) 2 ( pp ( nn ) pp ( nn ) η )= (a) <math id="M21"><mrow><mn>0.34</mn><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.253</mn><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>s</mi><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></math> , (b) <math id="M22"><mrow><mn>0.4</mn><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.552</mn><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>s</mi><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></math> , and (c) <math id="M23"><mrow><mn>0.204</mn><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.058</mn><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>s</mi><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></math> in mb and <math id="M24"><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo>−</mo><msqrt><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></msqrt></mrow></math> with <math id="M25"><mrow><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt></mrow></math> being the invariant energy in GeV and <math id="M26"><mrow><msqrt><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>N</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>η</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2.424</mn></mrow></math> GeV [ 18 18 ]. Case (b) is used in this work. The np cross sections are about 3 times larger than that for nn or np . We have taken a constant width of Γ =150 MeV for the N ∗ (1535) decay, and N ∗ (1535) has half probabilities decaying into the η meson and half to π . 3 Results and discussion 1 At the considered energies in this work, the η meson is produced from the decay of N ∗ (1535). Therefore, the properties of N ∗ (1535) in nuclear medium are dominant on the η dynamics. We managed the mean-field potential for N ∗ (1535), similarly to the nucleons. π 0 and η have similar properties in the nuclear medium. Both of the mesons are neutral particles and decay from N ∗ (1535) with the same probability. In this work, we did not include the isospin, density, and momentum dependent pion-nucleon potential in Ref. [ 18 18 ]. The η / π 0 ratios in heavy-ion collisions are calculated as a test of our approach. The values in light ( 12 C+ 12 C), intermediate-mass ( 40 Ar+ 40 Ca, 86 Kr+ 90 Zr) and heavy symmetric ( 197 Au+ 197 Au) systems are compared with the available data from the Two-Arm Photon Spectrometer (TAPS) collaboration [ 20 20 ], as shown in Table I Table I . Basically, the calculations are consistent with the available data. The ratios increase with participating numbers of colliding partners and incident energies. 1 1 E beam ( A GeV) 1 1 systems 1 1 data (%) 1 1 calculated values (%) 1 1 1.0 1 1 C+C 1 1 0.57±0.14 1 1 1.186 1 1 1.0 1 1 Ar+Ca 1 1 1.3±0.8 1 1 1.321 1 1 1.0 1 1 Kr+Zr 1 1 1.3±0.6 1 1 1.663 1 1 1.0 1 1 Au+Au 1 1 1.4±0.6 1 1 2.087 1 1 1.5 1 1 Ar+Ca 1 1 2.2±0.4 1 1 2.823 The extraction of the in-medium properties of η in proton induced reactions has advantages in comparison to heavy-ion collisions, in which particles are produced around the saturation densities (0.8 ρ 0 ∼1.2 ρ 0 ) [ 21 21 - 23 23 21-23 ]. The in-medium properties of η are related to the issues of resonance production in the nuclear medium, i.e., N ∗ (1535), resonance-nucleons and η -nucleon potentials. Here, we concentrate on the η -nucleon interaction from proton-nucleus collisions and its impact on η production near threshold energies ( E th ( η )=1.26 GeV). Shown in Fig. 2 Fig. 2 is the rapidity distributions in collisions of protons on 12 C and 40 Ca at the kinetic energy of 1.5 GeV. It should be noticed that the η -nucleon potential enhances the backward η emissions. The transverse momentum spectra are calculated, as shown in Fig. 3 Fig. 3 . The high-momentum yields are reduced because of the enhancement of reabsorption process in η -nucleon scattering with the eta potential. Similar structure is also found from the kinetic-energy spectra of invariant cross sections, as shown in Fig. 4 Fig. 4 . The effect becomes more pronounced with increasing mass numbers of target nuclei because of larger collision probabilities between η and nucleons. The invariant spectra become steeper with the potential for both cases, which show a lower local temperature and longer interaction time of the η meson in the nuclear medium after inclusion of the η -nucleon potential. The strength of the η -nucleon potential is not well refined as of now, which is of significance in the formation of possible η -bound states ( η -nucleus). The results would be helpful for extracting the η -nucleon potential from proton-nucleus collisions in the near future. 4 Conclusion 1 The dynamics of the η meson produced in proton-induced nuclear reactions has been investigated within the LQMD transport model. The η mesons are produced via the decay of N ∗ (1535). The reabsorption of η and N ∗ (1535) by surrounding nucleons dominates the η distributions in phase space. 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DOI: 10.13538/j.1001-8042/nst.26.S20506 http://doi.org/10.13538/j.1001-8042/nst.26.S20506 Antiproton-nucleus reactions at intermediate energies 10.1007/s41365-016-0069-7 Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program in China (No. 2014CB845405), the National Natural Science Foundation of China Projects (Nos. 11175218, U1332207 and U1432247) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Scientific Research Program of Shanxi Provincial Education Department (No. 14JK1794) . 2016-03-16 2016-03-25 2016-03-28 2016-05-14 2016-06-20 2021-04-11 © China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChineseNuclear Society and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2016 This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Nuclear Science and Techniques. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-016-0069-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-016-0069-7 . 2016 Nuclear Science and Techniques 03 27