Simulation method for measurement of the cross-section of the ¹⁴N(n, α)¹¹B reaction using a gridded ionization chamber

Simulation method for measurement of the cross-section of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction using a gridded ionization chamber 1 first-author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-4148 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 corresp Guo-Hui Zhang, guohuizhang@pku.edu.cn Guo-Hui Zhang, guohuizhang@pku.edu.cn guohuizhang@pku.edu.cn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4735-5127 State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621907, China Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621907, China A simulation method for measurement of the cross-section of the 14 N( n, α ) 11 B reaction with gas and solid samples using a gridded ionization chamber (GIC) has been established. Using the simulation, the experimental spectra of both 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events and background from other reactions can be predicted, and the experimental scheme can be optimized. According to the simulation results, the optimal experimental parameters, including the pressure of the working gas and the compositions of the working gas and the sample, can be determined. In addition, the simulation results can be used to determine the valid event area and calculate the detection efficiency for valid events. A measurement of the cross-sections of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction at E n = 4.25, 4.50, 4.75, 5.00, 5.25, and 5.50 MeV, based on the 4.5-MV Van de Graff accelerator at Peking University (PKU) using a GIC as the detector for the outgoing α particles, has been performed. The good agreement of the spectra from the simulation and experiment demonstrated the universality of this simulation method, which can be used to accurately measure neutron-induced light-charged particle emission reactions. Gridded ionization chamber Monte Carlo simulation Cathode-anode two-dimensional spectrum 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction 1. Introduction 1 Nitrogen, which accounts for 78% of the atmosphere, is the most abundant element in air. Nitrogen is also present in amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which play important roles in the human body. The abundance of 14 N in natural nitrogen is 99.636 % [ 1 1 ]. Nitride fuels, such as uranium plutonium nitride (U-Pu-N) and thorium nitride (Th-N) [ 2 2 ], are among the main fuels of the gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR). Zirconium nitride (Zr-N) is used as an inert matrix in fuel elements [ 3 3 ]. Therefore, research regarding the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction is important in nuclear engineering applications because neutron-induced He production leads to He accumulation and causes serious radiation damage to the active core. In addition, this study is also important with respect to the detection of charged particles caused by neutrons using a gas detector because of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction of nitrogen, which is the main component of the air residue in the working gas and is thus the most important background signal. Regarding the cross-section of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B ( Q -value = - 0.159 MeV) reaction, existing measurement results are abundant. For example, in the 3.00 ~ 14.00 MeV neutron energy region, five measurements [ 4 4 - 8 8 4-8 ], including those of 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B and 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B, can be found in the EXFOR library [ 9 9 ]. However, the existing results have large uncertainties and significant discrepancies. For example, the cross-section of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B reaction measured by Gabbard et al. at 5.05 MeV [ 4 4 ] is nearly three times of that measured by V. A. Khryachkov et al. at 5.04 MeV [ 8 8 ]. The cross-section of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction at 4.10 MeV ~ 4.94 MeV has only one result [ 4 4 ], and there are no measurements performed in the energy range of 4.94 MeV to 5.56 MeV according to the EXFOR library [ 9 9 ]. All five experiments were performed using ionization chambers without a detailed simulation. To obtain more precise results, an experiment for measuring the cross-section of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction in the MeV region was planned to clarify previous experimental results, for which a simulation method for the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction should be established first. We have used a gridded ionization chamber (GIC) to measure the ( n , α ) reaction of a variety of solid samples [ 10 10 - 14 14 10-14 ], and reliable results have been obtained. The experimental methods for measuring solid samples with the GIC have been verified, but the methods for measuring gas samples with this GIC are still being explored. The measurement method for the gas sample needs to be established by simulation because simulation of the experimental spectra is one of the main steps of the experiment. Before the experiment, simulation spectra can be used to determine the experimental parameters. For example, simulation can help determine whether it is necessary to choose solid samples or gas samples, and the composition of the working gas can be optimized based on the simulation spectra to ensure that the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events will not be affected by the background. During the experiment, the simulation spectra can be used for comparison with the experimental spectra to determine whether the working state of the experimental apparatus was suitable. After the experiment, simulation spectra can be used to determine the detection efficiency [ 11 11 ]. For instance, the valid event area of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events can be determined using the experimental spectra, and its detection efficiency can be obtained from the simulated spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an accurate simulation method. In this study, a simulation method for the cathode-anode two-dimensional spectra of solid and gas sample for the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction was established. Experiments were performed at PKU using adenine (C 5 H 5 N 5 ) as the solid sample and nitrogen (N 2 ) as the gas sample to verify the simulation. Finally, new measurements of the cross-section of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction are planned based on the proposed simulation method. 2. Methods 1 Prediction of the measurement events was conducted using a Monte Carlo simulation based on MATLAB-2019a [ 15 15 ]. In the present simulation, the corresponding double differential cross-section data calculated using the TALYS-1.9 code [ 16 16 ] and the stopping powers calculated with the SRIM-2013 code [ 17 17 ] were used. 2.1 Principle of the simulation 2 As a fast-charged particle is emitted from the sample and passes through the working gas, it ionizes the working gas and generates electron-ion pairs [ 18 18 ]. The kinetic energy of the charged particle is continuously reduced along the ionization track, and the stopping power of the working gas constantly changes. The stopping power of charged particles in the working gas can be calculated using the SRIM-2013 code [ 17 17 ]. When the ions and electrons drift toward the cathode and anode under the force of the electric field, signals of opposite polarity are induced on the cathode and anode of the Frisch-grid ionization chamber. Because the drift velocity of ions is three orders of magnitude slower than that of electrons, both the cathode and anode signals are primarily dominated by the drift of electrons [ 18 18 ]. The present work only considers the part of the ionization track of charged particles in the sensitive area, with two uniform electric fields between the cathode and grid and between the grid and anode. For the electrons ionized between the cathode and grid, the signal amplitude of the cathode <math id="M1"><mrow><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>c</mtext><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> and anode <math id="M2"><mrow><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>a</mtext><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> can be expressed as [ 19 19 , 20 20 ]: <math display="block" id="M3"><mrow><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>c</mtext><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>G</mi><mtext>c</mtext></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>d</mi><mtext>c</mtext></msub><mo>+</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mi>cos</mi><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math> <math display="block" id="M4"><mrow><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>a</mtext><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>G</mi><mtext>a</mtext></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msub><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>d</mi><mtext>c</mtext></msub><mo>+</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mi>cos</mi><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math> where constants G c and G a are determined by the electronics; <math id="M5"><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></math> is the distance from the beginning to the center of gravity of the ionization track [ 21 21 ], as shown in Fig. 1a Fig. 1a ; d c is the distance from the cathode to the beginning of the ionization track; θ stands for the emission angle with respect to the normal of the cathode, as shown in Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(a) ; D cg represents the cathode-grid distance, as shown in Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(a) ; E cg is the energy of charged particles deposited in the cathode-grid area; and σ cg is the shielding inefficiency of the grid, which can be expressed as [ 22 22 ]: <math display="block" id="M6"><mrow><mrow><mo>{</mo><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>ρ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>−</mo><mi>ln</mi><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mo>,</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow><mi>d</mi></mfrac><mo>,</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow></mrow></math> where d is the distance between the adjacent grid wires; D ga represents the grid-anode distance, as shown in Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(a) ; and r is the radius of the grid wires. In the present work, r is 50.0 μm, d is 2.0 mm, and D ga is 1.4 cm. The theoretically calculated value of σ cg is 0.0121. For electrons ionized between the grid and anode, the signal amplitude of the cathode <math id="M7"><mrow><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>c</mtext><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> and that of the anode <math id="M8"><mrow><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>a</mtext><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> can be expressed as: <math display="block" id="M9"><mrow><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>c</mtext><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>G</mi><mtext>c</mtext></msub><msub><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>d</mi><mtext>g</mtext></msub><mo>+</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mi>cos</mi><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math> <math display="block" id="M10"><mrow><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>a</mtext><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>G</mi><mtext>a</mtext></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>d</mi><mtext>g</mtext></msub><mo>+</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mi>cos</mi><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math> where d g is the distance from the grid to the beginning of the ionization track, E ga is the energy of the charged particle deposited in the grid-anode area, and σ ga is the shielding inefficiency of the grid, which can be expressed as [ 22 22 ]: <math display="block" id="M11"><mrow><msub><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>L</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>.</mo></mrow></math> In the present work, D cg is 6.1 cm. The theoretically calculated value of σ ga is 0.0028. As shown in Fig. 1b Fig. 1b , when the ionization track exists in both the cathode grid area and the anode grid area at the beginning, the trace is divided into two equivalent traces by the grid. Therefore, the signal amplitudes generated by the electrons in these two areas must be calculated according to Eqs. (1) and (2), and Eqs. (4) and (5), respectively. As a result, the signal amplitude of the cathode <math id="M12"><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mtext>c</mtext></msub></mrow></math> and anode <math id="M13"><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mtext>a</mtext></msub></mrow></math> can be expressed as: <math display="block" id="M14"><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mtext>c</mtext></msub><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>c</mtext><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>c</mtext><mrow><mi>g</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>,</mo></mrow></math> <math display="block" id="M15"><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mtext>a</mtext></msub><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>a</mtext><mrow><mtext>cg</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>A</mi><mtext>a</mtext><mrow><mtext>ga</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mo>.</mo></mrow></math> 2.2 Simulation process 2 In the present simulation, light-charged particles with random positions and emission angles, including α -particles, protons, deuterons, and tritons, are generated in the area where the target nuclei exist based on the Monte Carlo method. Taking the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction as an example, if the nuclear reaction occurs in the working gas, it is necessary for the signal amplitudes of both the cathode and anode of the α -particle and 11 B to be considered and superimposed. If the nuclear reaction occurs in the solid samples, the influence of 11 B can be ignored because it is difficult for 11 B to penetrate the solid sample, but the wall effect [ 23 23 ] of the α -particle and its energy loss in the solid sample need to be considered. If a nuclear reaction occurs on the cathode or anode, 11 B does not need to be considered because it cannot penetrate the electrode plate. There are many nuclei from different materials in the GIC, and the effects of all charged particles generated by neutron irradiation need to be considered. The simulation process is shown in Fig. 2 Fig. 2 . 1. Input parameters: Physical quantities, including the E n , energy level of the recoil nucleus, Q value, and particle mass, are input to determine whether the reaction could have taken place. 2. Coordinate sampling: For the target nuclei in the solid sample, the position ( x , y , z ) of the nuclear reaction is randomly selected in the solid sample (the maximum value of z is the thickness of the solid sample); for the target nuclei in the working gas, the position ( x , y , z ) of the nuclear reaction in the GIC is randomly selected; for the target nuclei on the electrode plate (cathode or anode), the position ( x , y , z ) of the nuclear reaction is randomly selected. 3. Select emission angle: The light-charged particles ( p , d , t , and α ) with randomly selected <math id="M16"><mrow><msub><mi>φ</mi><mrow><mtext>CM</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math> (azimuth angle in the center of mass system with the neutron incident direction as the z -axis) are generated every 2° of <math id="M17"><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mrow><mtext>CM</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math> (polar angle in the center of mass system with the neutron incident direction as the z-axis) between 0° and 180° in the center of mass system. Then, the emission angles and kinetic energies of the light-charged particles and recoil nucleus are transferred to the laboratory system. 4. Calculate signal amplitude: The signal amplitudes of the cathode and anode are determined by the energy deposition of charged particles along the ionization track in the sensitive area of the GIC according to Eqs. (7) and (8), respectively. The stopping powers and ranges are calculated using the SRIM-2013 code [ 17 17 ]. 5. Energy resolution correction: The calculated A c and A a need to be corrected according to the energy resolution of the GIC; two numbers are randomly selected from the normal distribution N (1, σ ) ( σ is determined by the experimental results of compound alpha sources), after which A c and A a are respectively multiplied by these numbers. 6. Count results: After the calculation of each particle released from the nuclear reaction is completed, the weight <math id="M18"><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mrow><mtext>tot</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math> will be accumulated to the corresponding position of the signal amplitude on the cathode-anode two-dimensional spectrum. The weight <math id="M19"><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mrow><mtext>tot</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math> can be expressed as: <math display="block" id="M20"><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mrow><mtext>tot</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>σ</mi></msub><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>φ</mi></msub><msub><mi>w</mi><mtext>n</mtext></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mrow><mtext>mc</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>,</mo></mrow></math> where <math id="M21"><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>σ</mi></msub></mrow></math> is the corresponding double differential cross-section of the reaction with the generated emission angle calculated using the TALYS-1.9 code [ 16 16 ], <math id="M22"><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>ϕ</mi></msub></mrow></math> is the relative flux of neutrons at the generated position of the reaction, and <math id="M23"><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mtext>n</mtext></msub></mrow></math> is the total number of target nuclei. For the reaction in the solid sample, if the <math id="M24"><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mrow><mtext>CM</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math> of the charged particle is less than 90°, <math id="M25"><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mrow><mtext>tot</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math> will accumulate in the forward direction; otherwise, it will accumulate in the backward direction. For the reaction in the working gas or electrode plate, if the reaction is generated at the front side of the cathode, <math id="M26"><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mrow><mtext>tot</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math> will accumulate in the forward direction; otherwise, it will accumulate in the backward direction. 7. Repeat steps: The above steps are repeated for <math id="M27"><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mrow><mtext>mc</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math> times for each reaction, as listed in Sect. 2.4. 2.3 Experimental setup 2 The experimental spectra of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction with solid and gas samples at E n = 4.25, 4.50, 4.75, 5.00, 5.25, and 5.50 MeV were measured based on the 4.5 MV Van de Graaff Accelerator of Peking University for verification of the simulation. As shown in Fig. 3 Fig. 3 , the experimental apparatus consisted of three main parts: the neutron source, the GIC as the charged particle detector (with the sample inside), and the scintillator detector. Monoenergetic neutrons were produced by a deuterium gas target through the 2 H( d , n ) 3 He reaction. The deuterium gas target was a cylinder with a length of 2.0 cm, radius of 0.5 cm, and deuterium gas pressure of 3.0 atm. The detector was a twin-gridded ionization chamber with a common cathode, the details of which can be found in Ref. [ 13 13 ]. The distance from the cathode to the grid was 6.1 cm, that from the grid to the anode was 1.4 cm, that from the anode to the shield electrode was 1.0 cm, and that from the cathode to the forefront of the neutron source was 15.4 cm; the electrode plate side length was 15.6 cm. A sample changer with five sample positions was set at the common cathode of the GIC, and back-to-back samples were placed at each of them, as shown in Fig. 4 Fig. 4 . Five sample positions were used in the experiment: 1) back-to-back compound alpha sources were used for calibration of the data acquisition system (DAQ) of the GIC; 2) a 238 U sample was employed to determine the absolute neutron flux; 3) back-to-back compound C 5 H 5 N 5 #3,#4 samples with a thickness of 200 μ g/cm 2 were used for the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction measurement; 4) back-to-back compound C 5 H 5 N 5 #10,#30 samples were used as spares; and 5) a Ta backing with a thickness of 0.1 mm was utilized to measure the background events. In addition, a 238 U sample was set at the shield electrode of the 01 side to monitor the relative neutron flux of each run. When the charged particles of the solid sample exit forward (0°–90°), they enter the two sides. When the charged particles of the solid sample exit backward (90°–180°), they enter the 01 side. In addition to the solid samples with a thickness of 200 μ g/cm 2 , the N content in the working gas at 0.20 mbar was used as a gas sample to make the number of events from the solid samples and the gas sample similar for observation. Air at a pressure of 0.25 mbar in the GIC can be used as the gas sample for the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction because its N content is 78%. The working gas of the GIC was Kr + 2.70 % CO 2 + 0.05 % air, and the pressure within the GIC was 0.5 bar. The high voltages applied to the cathodes and anodes were −1000 V and 500 V (the grid electrodes were grounded), which allowed the complete collection of electrons from the tracks. An EJ-309 liquid scintillator detector, which was located 274.0 cm away from the forefront of the neutron source on the axis of the neutron source, was used to obtain the neutron spectrum by unfolding the measured pulse height spectra; details regarding the detector can be found in Ref. [ 24 24 ]. 2.4 Simulation parameters and simulated reactions 2 The parameters used in the simulation were consistent with those used in the experiment. In addition, the mass thickness of the water vapor absorbed by the electrode plate was approximately 50 μ g/cm 2 , which was estimated based on the proton-event peak in the anode spectrum measured in the experiment. Therefore, the reactions considered in the present simulation were the 1 H( n , el ) 1 H, 14 N( n , α ) 11 B, and 14 N( n , p ) 14 C reactions from the C 5 H 5 N 5 samples; the 78,80,82,83,84 Kr( n , α ) 75,77,79,80,81 Se, 14 N( n , α ) 11 B, 14 N( n , p ) 14 C, and 16,17 O( n , α ) 13,14 C reactions in the working gas; and the 1 H( n , el ) 1 H and 16,17 O( n , α ) 13,14 C reactions on the cathode and anode. Other reactions, such as 13 C( n , α ) 10 Be, 18 O( n , α ) 15 C, and 181 Ta( n , p ) 181 Hf, were not considered because of their small cross-sections, small numbers of nuclei, or both. 3. Results 1 Simulations of measurements at E n = 4.25, 4.50, 4.75, 5.00, 5.25, and 5.50 MeV were completed. The preliminary results of the measurement and those of the simulation at E n = 4.50 MeV are compared in Fig. 5 Fig. 5 as an example. Fig. 5(a), (c), (e), and (g) Fig. 5(a), (c), (e), and (g) show the simulation results, which are the forward and backward cathode-anode two-dimensional spectra, and the forward and backward anode spectra. The corresponding experimental results are shown in Fig. 5(b), (d), (f), and (h) Fig. 5(b), (d), (f), and (h) . Comparing the experimental results with the simulation results, good agreement is shown by the high similarity of the cathode-anode two-dimensional spectrum and the anode spectrum. The present simulation results of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events from solid samples in Fig. 5(a) and (c) Fig. 5(a) and (c) are compared with the experimental results shown in Fig. 5(b) and (d) Fig. 5(b) and (d) . Even if the interference of 16,17 O( n , α ) 13,14 C events of the gas sample could be eliminated after background subtraction, both simulation and experiments showed that only part of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events in the forward direction do not experience interference with the background. Another part of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events, which are under 84 channels of the anode, are primarily interfered with by 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B, 14 N( n , p ) 14 C, and 1 H( n , el ) 1 H events. This part of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events lost most of the energy in the solid samples. Because of the mixture of 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B events and the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events and the interference of the forward 1 H( n , el ) 1 H events from C 5 H 5 N 5 samples, it is impossible to obtain 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B events in the forward direction through background subtraction. Because the number of 1 H( n , el ) 1 H events from the electrode plates is several orders of magnitude higher than that of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events, none of the experimental results of 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events in the backward direction shown in Fig. 5(h) Fig. 5(h) with the blue line are as clear as the present simulation results, which are shown in Fig. 5(g) Fig. 5(g) , because of the poor statistics. The present simulation found that the background interference in the area of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events of the solid sample is very high, so it is necessary to use gas samples for 14 N( n , α ) 11 B experiments. This suggests the necessity of the simulation. The simulation results of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events from the gas sample in Fig. 5(a) and (c) Fig. 5(a) and (c) are shown by the chain lines in Fig. 5(e) and (g) Fig. 5(e) and (g) . The experimental results show that the energy of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events of the gas sample is higher than those of the solid samples. This is because the 11 B of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction of the solid samples loses all energy in the solid sample. All the emitted charged particles of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction of the gas sample were detected by the GIC. As described in Sect. 2.3, the simulation takes this into consideration, so the simulation results shown in Fig. 5(a) and (e) Fig. 5(a) and (e) agree with the experimental results shown in Fig. 5(b) and (f) Fig. 5(b) and (f) . Because the neutron source used in the experiment produced neutrons at an angle of 4π, many charged particles were generated at the edge of the sensitive area of the GIC, and the energy of the charged particles was not fully deposited in the sensitive area. Therefore, the low-energy tail predicted by simulation of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events from the gas sample events can be observed in the experimental results, as shown in Fig. 5 Fig. 5 . As shown in Fig. 5(a) and (c) Fig. 5(a) and (c) , the results of the simulations show that the part of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B event that is above 100 channels is not interfered with by the background, but all the 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B events will be interfered with by 16 O( n , α ) 13 C events in the working gas and 1 H( n , el ) 1 H events on the electrode plates, as verified by experiments in Fig. 5(b) and (d) Fig. 5(b) and (d) . Therefore, if the water vapor adsorbed on the electrode plate cannot be removed or the working gas still contains 16 O, the 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B events from the gas sample cannot be measured. The neutron source needs to be collimated to reduce the low-energy tail of 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events from the gas sample. The resolution of the two-dimensional spectrum of the experiment for low-energy events was worse than that of the simulation because the low-amplitude signals of the cathode and anode have a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Because the counting rate of the 1 H( n , el ) 1 H reaction on the electrode plate is too high, protons may be generated in the forward and backward directions at the same time, so the common cathode amplitude will be superimposed, which is the main reason for the difference between simulation and experiment with fewer than 100 channels. Furthermore, with fewer channels, the noise interference grows more severe. Therefore, the threshold of the DAQ was set to 20 channels. 4. Future experimental plan 1 Based on the established simulation method, a new plan for the measurement of the cross-section of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction was designed, and the experimental parameters were optimized according to the simulation results. 4.1 Gas sample 2 According to the simulation and experiment, the backward events of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B reaction from the solid samples are difficult to count. Therefore, natural nitrogen will be used as a gas sample in the new experiments. The working gas in the new simulation was Kr + 5.00 % N 2 at 0.5 atm, and the thickness of the water vapor on the plate is the same as above. A schematic of the simulation apparatus is shown in Fig. 6 Fig. 6 . The simulation results on the 01 side (half of the GIC near the neutron source) were used as an example of predicting the results of the gas sample experiment. The distance from the cathode to the forefront of the neutron source was 15.4 cm from the cathode to the grid is 6.1 cm, that from the grid to the anode is 1.4 cm, and the side length of the square electrode plate was 15.6 cm. The 78,80,82,83,84 Kr( n , α ) 75,77,79,80,81 Se, 14 N( n , α ) 11 B, and 14 N( n , p ) 14 C reactions from the working gas and the 1 H( n , el ) 1 H and 16,17 O( n , α ) 13,14 C reactions on the cathode and anode are considered. The preliminary results of the 01 side of the simulation at E n = 4.50 MeV are presented in Fig. 7 Fig. 7 as an example. As shown in Fig. 7(a) Fig. 7(a) , the recoil proton background from the plate occludes 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B events. The α -particles emitted from 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B in the backward direction lose energy from the anode, which causes this part of the events to be lost as a result of the cathode signal threshold. Because only a part of the kinetic energy of the charged particles that are generated at the edge of the plate is deposited in the sensitive area, the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events on the edge of the plate will be distributed to the 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B event area or background area. It is not only difficult to count these events, but it is also difficult to count these nuclei. Therefore, it is necessary for gas sample experiments of 14 N( n , α ) 11 B to exclude 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events close to the plate, and installing a collimator is required to reduce the area of the event area in the two-dimensional spectrum for the convenience of counting the number of events. 4.2 Neutron collimator 2 The working gas in the simulation was Kr + 5.00 % N 2 of 0.5 at and 1.0 atm. To determine the number of nuclei in the gas sample for measurement, a neutron collimator device is planned to collimate the neutron beam, as shown in Fig. 8 Fig. 8 . The distance from the cathode to the neutron source is 66.0 cm, R 1 is 3.4 cm, R 2 is 3.5 cm, and h is 4.1 cm. The present simulation only considers the nuclear reaction in the sample volume (the yellow area in Fig. 8 Fig. 8 ), and the 78,80,82,83,84 Kr( n , α ) 75,77,79,80,81 Se, 14 N( n , α ) 11 B, and 14 N( n , p ) 14 C, reactions in the working gas are considered. The preliminary results of the 01 side of the simulation at E n = 4.50 MeV with pressures of 0.5 atm and 1.0 atm are compared in Fig. 9 Fig. 9 . The simulation suggested that the collimator can collimate the neutron beam, and the α -events from the gas sample of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction are more concentrated. The events from the gas sample 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction will not be lost because of the threshold cut. Fig. 9(a) Fig. 9(a) shows that when the pressure in the GIC is 0.5 atm, some of the 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B events emitted in the forward direction will lose energy because they are stopped by the cathode and form a tail interfering with the 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B event area. However, increasing the pressure of the working gas to 1.0 atm can reduce the events of 14 N( n , α 0 ) 11 B in the tail; however, the GIC will collect more proton energy, causing the 14 N( n , α 1 ) 11 B event to be interfered with by 14 N( n , p ) 14 C events, as shown in Fig. 9(c) and (d) Fig. 9(c) and (d) . In summary, the following experiments for the measurement of the cross-section of the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction use nitrogen as a gas sample, and the collimator needs to be set up as such. The 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events generated near the plate need to be eliminated, and the working gas is 1.0 atm Kr + 5.00 % N 2 . 5. Conclusion 1 In this study, a method for simulating the cathode-anode two-dimensional spectrum of a GIC for measuring gas and solid samples was established. This method is universal and can be used to predict the experimental spectra of neutron-induced light-charged particle emission reactions ( n, lcp ) from different nuclei using the GIC. The agreement between simulation and experiment regarding the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events and the background indicates that the simulation can be used as a guide for the experiment. The simulation method can also be used to separate the background and 14 N( n , α ) 11 B events, to determine the valid event area, and to calculate the detection efficiency for valid events. The experiments and simulations will be compared to obtain more accurate results for the 14 N( n , α ) 11 B reaction in the future. 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Zhang et al ., Simulation of the neutron response matrix of an ej309 liquid scintillator . Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 886 , 109 ( 2018 ). doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2017.12.072 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.12.072 Simulation of the neutron response matrix of an ej309 liquid scintillator All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The simulation method was performed by Yi-Wei Hu, Hao-Yu Jiang and Huai-Yong Bai. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Yi-Wei Hu, Hao-Yu Jiang, Zeng-Qi Cui and Jie Liu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Yi-Wei Hu. The reviewing and editing were performed by Yi-Wei Hu, Hao-Yu Jiang, Zeng-Qi Cui, Jie Liu, Hao-Fan Bai, Huai-Yong Bai, Jin-Xiang Chen and Guo-Hui Zhang and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors are grateful to Prof. Yu. M. Gledenov and Dr. E. Sansarbayar from JINR, Dubna, for providing and maintaining the twin gridded ionization chamber. They also thank Prof. G. Khuukhenkhuu from Ulaanbaatar University for installing the solid samples. 10.1007/s41365-021-00921-y This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12075008), Science and Technology on Nuclear Data Laboratory, China Nuclear Data Center, and the State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University (No. NPT2020KFJ22). 2021-04-01 2021-06-03 2021-06-07 2021-08-02 2021-08-01 2021-09-07 © China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChineseNuclear Society and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Nuclear Science and Techniques. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-021-00921-y http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-021-00921-y . 2021 Nuclear Science and Techniques 08 32