Differentiation of illicit drugs with THz time-domain spectroscopy

Differentiation of illicit drugs with THz time-domain spectroscopy 1 first-author 1 1 1 1 corresp Corresponding author. E-mail address: wfwang@sinap.ac.cn Corresponding author. E-mail address: wfwang@sinap.ac.cn wfwang@sinap.ac.cn Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China The terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was used for sensing and identifying illicit drugs. The absorption spectra of seven illicit drug samples (morphine and its hydrochloride, cocaine hydrochloride, codeine phosphate, papaverine hydrochloride, pethidine hydrochloride, and thebaine) were studied by THz-TDS at 0.3–2.0 THz at room temperature. The geometric structure and vibration frequencies of morphine were calculated by density functional theory. The four absorption features were dominated by intra-/inter-molecular collective or lattice vibration modes. Each illicit drug has a distinct signature in its THz spectra. The results indicate that the THz-TDS can be used to identify and discriminate illicit drugs by their characteristic fingerprints. Terahertz THz-TDS Illicit drugs DFT Morphine References Plusquellic D F , Siegrist K , Heilweil E J , et al . Chem Phys Chem , 2007 , 8 : 2412 - 2431 . Chem Phys Chem Chen X , Ma M , Yang X , et al . Nucl Sci Tech , 2009 , 20 : 265 - 270 . Nucl Sci Tech Mantsch H H , Naumann D . J Mol Struct , 2010 , 964 : 1 - 4 . J Mol Struct Federici J F , Schulkin B , Huang F , et al . Semicond Sci Technol , 2005 , 20 : S266 - S280 . Semicond Sci Technol Chen H , Chen G Y , Li S Q , et al . Chin Phys Lett , 2009 , 26 : 084204 . Chin Phys Lett Kawase K , Ogawa Y , Watanable Y , et al . Opt Express , 2003 , 11 : 2549 - 2554 . Opt Express Kawase K . Opt Photon New , 2004 , 15 : 34 - 39 . Opt Photon New Sun J , Shen J , Liang L , et al . Chin Phys Lett , 2005 , 22 : 3176 - 3178 . Chin Phys Lett Li N , Shen J , Sun J , et al . Opt Express , 2005 , 13 : 6750 - 6755 . Opt Express Lu M , Shen J , Li N , et al . J Appl Phys , 2006 , 100 : 103 - 104 . J Appl Phys Wang G , Shen J , Jia Y . J Appl Phys , 2007 , 102 : 013106 . J Appl Phys Liang M , Shen J , Wang G . J Phys D: Appl Phys 2008 , 41 : 135306 . J Phys D: Appl Phys Wheeler D M S , Kinstle T H , Rinehart K L . J Am Chem Soc , 1967 , 89 : 4494 - 4501 . J Am Chem Soc Li P W , Zhang J , Zhang L , et al . Vib Spectros , 2009 , 49 : 2 - 6 . Vib Spectros Liu G , Zhang Z , Ma S , et al . J Chem Sci , 2009 , 121 : 515 - 520 . J Chem Sci Frisch M.J , Trucks G W , Schlege H B , et al . Gaussian 03, Revision C. 02 , Gaussian Inc. , Pittsburgh, PA , 2003 . Gaussian 03, Revision C. 02 Fischer B , Hoffmann M , Helm H , et al . Semicond Sci Technol , 2005 , 20 : S246 - S253 . Semicond Sci Technol Gylbert L . Acta Cryst B , 1973 , 29 : 1630 - 1635 . Acta Cryst B Mahler C H , Stevens E D , Trudell M L , et al . Acta Cryst C , 1996 , 52 : 3193 - 3195 . Acta Cryst C Hoshina H , Sasaki Y , Hayashi A , et al . Appl Spectrosc , 2009 , 63 : 81 - 86 . Appl Spectrosc Davies A G , Burnett A D , Fan W , et al . Mater Today , 2008 , 11 : 18 - 26 . Mater Today Kawase K , Ogawa Y , Minamide H , et al . Semicond Sci Technol , 2005 , 20 : S258 - S265 . Semicond Sci Technol Dobroiu A , Otani C , Kawase K . Meas Sci Technol , 2006 , 17 : R161 - R174 . Meas Sci Technol Leopold N , Baena J R , Bolboaca M , et al . Vib Spectrosc , 2004 , 36 : 47 - 55 . Vib Spectrosc Pînzaru S C , Leopold N , Pavel I , et al . Spectrochimica Acta Part A , 2004 , 60 : 2021 - 2028 . Spectrochimica Acta Part A Hakey P M , Allis D G , Ouellette W , et al . J Phys Chem A , 2009 , 113 : 5119 - 5127 . J Phys Chem A 10.13538/j.1001-8042/nst.21.209-213 Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10675158) and the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology (Grant No. 06dj14008) . 2010-04-28 2010-08-20 2021-01-19 2010 Nuclear Science and Techniques 04 21