Preparation of large-area isotopic magnesium targets for the ²⁵Mg(p,γ)²⁶Al experiment at JUNA

Preparation of large-area isotopic magnesium targets for the 25 Mg( p , γ ) 26 Al experiment at JUNA 1 2 first-author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9826-1230 2 corresp Corresponding author, li_ yunju@163.com Corresponding author, li_ yunju@163.com li_ yunju@163.com 2 2 3 School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 451400, China School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 451400, China China Institute of Atomic Energy, P. O. Box 275(10), Beijing 102413, China China Institute of Atomic Energy, P. O. Box 275(10), Beijing 102413, China School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China To study the 25 Mg( p , γ ) 26 Al reaction at the Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics laboratory, a large-area 25 Mg target with a uniform thickness is needed. A rotating unit is used to ensure the uniformity of the target thickness during evaporation. After many attempts, 19 targets with diameters of 40 mm and a non-uniformity of 8.4% were prepared simultaneously. The rate of material utilization was approximately 4.7 times higher than that obtained using a conventional evaporation method. Vacuum evaporation Substrate rotation Uniformity Material utilization 1 Introduction 1 At the energies of interest for nuclear astrophysics, the cross sections of reactions involving charged particles decrease approximately exponentially as the energy decreases [ 1 1 ]. Thus, a low background and high beam intensity in the laboratory are essential for accurate direct measurement at stellar energies, which is an international frontier in nuclear astrophysics. The underground China JinPing Laboratory has the thickest rock shield in the world [ 2 2 - 4 4 2-4 ]. The Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (JUNA) laboratory is under construction and will be equipped with a high-current 400 kV accelerator that will be able to produce proton and helium beams with intensities of 10 mA and 5 mA, respectively, which are approximately 10 times those of the 400 kV accelerator at the Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (LUNA) [ 5 5 ]. Thus, JUNA will enable pioneering studies of key nuclear astrophysics reactions. The most important reaction in nuclear astrophysics, 12 C( α , γ ) 16 O, plays an important role in stellar evolution and is referred to as the Holy Grail reaction in nuclear astrophysics [ 6 6 - 9 9 6-9 ]. 13 C( α , n ) 16 O is the key neutron source reaction for the stellar s-process [ 10 10 - 13 13 10-13 ]. 19 F( p , α ) 16 O and 25 Mg( p , γ ) 26 Al are the keys to understanding the massive amounts of 19 F and 26 Al in the universe [ 14 14 - 19 19 14-19 ]. The reaction rates of these four reactions still have rather large uncertainties, which limit our understanding of nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution. Thus, these four reactions have been selected as the first four scientific targets of the JUNA project [ 20 20 ]. The 25 Mg( p , γ ) 26 Al reaction was chosen as the day-one experiment of JUNA. Its astrophysical reaction rates are dominated by the 58, 92, 190, and 304 keV resonances. Many studies have been performed since the 1970s [ 21 21 - 35 35 21-35 ], and direct measurements have reached only as low as 192 keV. The strength of the 92.2 keV resonance was measured with a large error by LUNA in 2012 [ 5 5 , 36 36 ]. Our ultimate goal is to measure the strength of the 58 and 92 keV resonances of 25 Mg( p , γ ) 26 Al. To increase the lifetime of the 25 Mg target, a rotating target and beam scanning technology have been developed, and the diameter of the effective beam spot will be enlarged to 40. Therefore, the experiments require a large-area reaction target. Isotopic 25 Mg targets can typically be prepared by evaporation [ 37 37 ] or sputtering [ 38 38 ]. It is difficult to produce a large-area target with a uniform thickness using conventional methods, and the utilization efficiency of the isotopic material is quite low. In addition, because experiments at an underground laboratory usually last several months, hundreds of targets are needed for one successful experiment. Target preparation to meet this requirement is also a challenge. In this work, the rotary method is used to improve conventional evaporation equipment based on the Monte Carlo simulation. After many trials with a natural magnesium material, a large-area magnesium target with uniform thickness was produced by a rotation–evaporation method. 2 Theoretical analysis and rotation unit 1 The conventional evaporation method is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(a) , where the target substrate is located above the evaporation source. For a point source or small-area source, the thickness of the target at a distance s from the center is given by <math display="block" id="M1"><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>∝</mo><msup><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>,</mn></mrow></math> where h is the height of the target above the source. The thickness distributions for several typical h values are shown in Fig. 2(a) Fig. 2(a) ; as h increases, the uniformity of the thickness in the central region increases. To ensure target uniformity, the thickness at the edge of the target d ( s ) should be close to the center thickness d (0). We consider d ( s )/ d (0) > 90%; then h gt; 4.3 s , according to Eq. (1). To prepare a target with a diameter of 40 mm, h should be at least 86 mm. The effective rate of material utilization will be <math display="block" id="M2"><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mtext>eff</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mn>0</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mn>0</mn><mrow><mn>20</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>θ</mi><mo>/</mo><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mn>0</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mn>0</mn><mi>∞</mi></msubsup></mrow></mstyle><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>θ</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>4.5</mn><mi>%</mi><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> Thus, the conventional evaporation method will result in considerable waste of the target material, and the cost will be very high, especially for expensive isotopic targets. To increase the material utilization rate, the evaporation equipment is improved by adopting a rotation method. As shown in Fig. 1(b) Fig. 1(b) , the target substrate is placed on a rotary disk at a height h , and the evaporation source is fixed at a distance r from the central axis of rotation. The target thickness deposited at the position s is [ 39 39 ] <math display="block" id="M3"><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>∝</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mn>.</mn></mrow></math> For each evaporation source position r , the height h can be adjusted so that the edge thickness reaches 90% of the maximum thickness. In this step, several typical values of r are selected, and the corresponding heights h are determined by a Monte Carlo method with the random of the position s . The thickness distributions are shown in Fig. 2(b) Fig. 2(b) . Relatively uniform targets with a diameter of 40 mm can be prepared using a suitable setup. Different numbers of targets can be arranged in a circular region with different center positions s and prepared simultaneously. Table 1 Table 1 lists the maximum material utilization rates for the preparation of different numbers of targets using the rotation method, along with the corresponding h and r values. According to the fitting curve in Fig. 3 Fig. 3 , the utilization rate reaches a maximum at an r value of approximately 60 mm and decreases slowly thereafter with increasing r . However, as r increases, more targets can be placed on the rotating frame simultaneously. Thus, the material utilization rate can be controlled at 20% for 50 mm lt; r lt; 200 mm, which is approximately 4.5 times that obtained using the conventional evaporation method. 1 1 N 1 1 s (mm) 1 1 h (mm) 1 1 r (mm) 1 1 Rate (%) 1 1 2 1 1 20.0 1 1 39.5 1 1 38.0 1 1 15.3 1 1 3 1 1 23.1 1 1 43.0 1 1 41.0 1 1 19.5 1 1 4 1 1 28.3 1 1 46.2 1 1 45.4 1 1 21.5 1 1 5 1 1 34.0 1 1 50.0 1 1 50.6 1 1 21.9 1 1 7 1 1 46.1 1 1 56.0 1 1 61.1 1 1 22.2 1 1 10 1 1 64.7 1 1 62.0 1 1 77.4 1 1 21.8 1 1 13 1 1 83.6 1 1 65.8 1 1 94.4 1 1 21.7 1 1 15 1 1 96.2 1 1 67.6 1 1 105.9 1 1 21.7 1 1 20 1 1 127.8 1 1 70.2 1 1 135.5 1 1 21.5 1 1 25 1 1 159.6 1 1 71.6 1 1 165.8 1 1 21.4 1 1 30 1 1 191.3 1 1 72.4 1 1 196.6 1 1 20.9 The rotation unit is designed according to the size of our target preparation equipment, as shown in Fig. 4 Fig. 4 . The central rotation axis is sealed with a magnetic fluid [ 40 40 , 41 41 ] at the top of the chamber, and the rotation speed can be adjusted from 0 to 150 RPM. The rotating copper disk ( ϕ 360 mm) can be cooled by internal circulating water. A maximum of 19 substrates can be placed in an annular area of the rotating target frame ( ϕ 290 mm). The evaporation source is installed 155 mm from the central axis and 70 mm below the rotating target frame on the basis of the calculation. 3 Preparation and uniformity measurement 1 Pure copper was chosen as the substrate in the 25 Mg( p , γ ) 26 Al reaction experiment owing to its desirable heat conductivity and machinability. The substrate has a diameter of 50 mm and thickness of 3 mm. However, to test the preparation method, a substrate with a thickness of 0.1 mm was used so that the target could be weighed using a more precise balance. The surface of the substrate was first polished using different grades of sandpaper and a precision auto lapping and polishing machine. Next, the substrate was degreased using a water-soluble detergent; it was then deoxidized and passivated using 1% hydrochloric and citric acid. A cuboid tantalum crucible with a size of 10 mm × 10 mm × 5 mm was used as the evaporation source; it was covered with a 10 mm × 10 mm tantalum net with an array of 0.1 mm holes, as shown in Fig. 5(a) Fig. 5(a) , to prevent spluttering of the boiling magnesium. First, the conventional preparation method was tested at an h value of 86 mm. Natural metallic magnesium (50 mg) was evaporated, and the average deposition thickness was 200 ± 11 μ g/cm 2 for a diameter of 40 mm. The value was determined by weighing the substrate before and after evaporation using an analytical balance with a precision of 0.01 mg; the error was determined by repeated weighing. The material utilization rate was 5.0% ± 0.3%. In the rotation–evaporation test, 100 mg of natural metallic magnesium was used, and 13 substrates were arranged according to the parameters in table 1 to prepare 13 targets simultaneously. The thickness of the targets is shown in Fig. 6 Fig. 6 (solid circles); the material utilization rate is 23.4% ± 0.7%, which is approximately 4.7 times higher than that obtained using the conventional method. The uncertainty arises mainly from the weighing process and the variation among the targets. To determine the uniformity of the target thickness, 10 pieces of copper with a size of 7 mm × 7 mm × 0.1 mm were placed side by side in two rows, as shown in Fig. 5(b) Fig. 5(b) , which were arranged along the tangential and radial directions. The thickness of the deposited magnesium was determined by weighing the targets using an analytical balance with a precision of 0.001 mg. The results are shown in Fig. 7 Fig. 7 , along with the fitting results based on Eq. (2). The results of weighing are in fair agreement with the results of the theoretical calculations. The standard deviations in the radial and tangential directions are 3.6% and 2.5%, and the non-uniformity is found to be 8.4% and 5.8% (full width at half-maximum), respectively. Theoretically, the target thickness should be proportional to the amount of material evaporated. Hence, additional preparation processes using different amounts of material were tested at the position corresponding to the maximum target number. The substrate for the experiment with a thickness of 3 mm was used; a photograph of the target is shown in Fig. 5(c) Fig. 5(c) . The test results are shown in Fig. 8 Fig. 8 ; they are consistent with a linear relationship. The deviation may be caused by the variations in material loss with increasing temperature and in the vacuum stability, as well as other uncontrollable factors. Thus, the target thickness can be controlled roughly by adjusting the amount of material evaporated. 4 Target preservation and calibration 1 Magnesium targets are easily oxidized, and the oxygen content of the target can directly affect the experimental results, especially the incident energy for direct measurement at low energies of astrophysical interest. Thus, it is important to avoid exposing the targets to the atmosphere. To avoid the effects of the above factors, the target manufacturing equipment should integrate the functions of the rotating unit, a glove box, and equipment for target preparation by evaporation, electron sputtering, magnetron sputtering, and even ion implantation [ 42 42 ]. After magnesium evaporation, we placed the targets under a protective nitrogen or argon gas during storage and transportation, and operated in the glove box to fix the target on the accelerator experiment terminal. To calibrate the oxygen content of the target, the 326 keV resonance in the 26 Mg( p , γ ) 27 Al reaction was measured at the 400 kV JUNA accelerator using an HPGe detector, in agreement with the LUNA experimental procedure [ 43 43 ]. The yield data are shown in Fig. 9 Fig. 9 , and the ratio of oxygen to magnesium is calibrated at 0.14, which is comparable to the value of 0.12 for the magnesium target used in the LUNA experiment [ 43 43 ]. Finally, 19 isotopic 25 Mg targets were successfully produced simultaneously and used to measure the 189 keV resonance of the 25 Mg( p , γ ) 26 Al reaction at the 4 π bismuth germanate (BGO) array at E p = 215 keV. The γ -ray spectrum is shown in Fig. 10 Fig. 10 . The 189 keV resonance clearly appears at approximately 6.5 MeV, and the 143 keV resonance of the 18 O( p , γ ) 19 F reaction also appears at approximately 8.1 MeV. On the basis of the known strengths of these two resonances [ 5 5 , 44 44 ], the ratio of oxygen to magnesium is determined to be approximately 0.15. More details on the measurement of the 189 keV resonance will be published elsewhere. In summary, the prepared 25 Mg isotope targets, which have a diameter of 40 mm, a non-uniformity of 8.4%, and an O/Mg ratio of approximately 0.15, completely meet the requirements for direct measurement in the upcoming 25 Mg( p , γ ) 26 Al experiment at JUNA. 5 Summary 1 A rotation method was used to prepare large-area magnesium targets by evaporation. Up to 19 targets with a diameter of 40 mm and a thickness non-uniformity of 8.4% were prepared simultaneously. The rate of material utilization was 23%, which is approximately 4.7 times higher than that obtained using the conventional evaporation method. The rotation method greatly reduces the waste of the target material and can reduce the cost of the targets, especially those made of expensive isotopes. 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New experimental study of low-energy (p, γ) resonances in magnesium isotopes . Phys Rev C , 2010 , 82 : 015801 . https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.82.015801 https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.82.015801 New experimental study of low-energy (p, γ) resonances in magnesium isotopes M. Wiescher , H.W. Becker , J. Görres , et al . Nuclear and astroohysical aspects of 18O(p, γ)19F . Nucl Phys A , 1980 , 349 : 165 - 216 . https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(80)90451-0 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(80)90451-0 Nuclear and astroohysical aspects of 18O(p, γ)19F The authors thank Prof. Qi-Wen Fan for his guidance in this work. 10.1007/s41365-020-00800-y This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11490563, 11575292, and 11205247); the National Key Research and Development Project (No. 2016YFA0400502), and Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No. WDJC-2019-13). 2020-06-11 2020-07-03 2020-07-11 2020-09-01 2020-09-01 2021-04-10 © China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChineseNuclear Society and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Nuclear Science and Techniques. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-00800-y http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-00800-y . 2020 Nuclear Science and Techniques 9 31