Vol.11,

The Shang Dynasty civilization in China is based on the development of the bronze techniques. A large amount of Shang Dynasty bronzes, excavated from Jiangxi, Hubei and Henan Provinces, have become a focus of world attention. However, the Shang Dynasty center was located at Zhenzhou and Anyang city areas, Henan Province, where no large copper ores have been found so far. Therefore, where did the huge ore material for casting the bronzes come from? It is an unsettled question paid attention by the archaeologists and scientists. 35 Shang Dynasty bronzes and 21 copper and lead ore materials aged in the Shang-Zhou Dynasty, the Spring-Autumn Period and the modern time, have been measured by the use of mass spectrometry. Based upon lead isotopic ratios, the ore material for casting the bronzes with the middle isotopic ratios of ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ranged in 0.8~0.9 could come from the ancient copper mine of Tongling, Jiangxi Province and Tong Lushan, Hubei Province and that with the high isotopic ratios (>0.9) could be from the northern part of the Shang Empire, called "Gongfang" in the historical records, e.g. today's Hebei and Liaoning Provinces. The others with the low isotopic ratios (< 0.8) might originate from polymetalic deposits, with the high isotopic ratios of ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb in the ore flux or in the magma.

502

A series of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) blended hydrogel with kappa-carrageenan (KC) were prepared by radiation crosslinking with electron beam to improve the properties of hydrogel as wound dressing. The properties of the blended hydrogels were evaluated in terms of gel fraction, swelling behavior, gel strength and water evaporation from hydrogel. Gel fraction of PVA/PVP was saturated at 50 kGy and the achieved gel fraction was 70%~80%. However, obtained hydrogel was very fragile and produced many bubbles at a dose of 50 kGy and above, hence 1%~5% KC were added to give toughness. The rate of gel formation and the toughness of the blended hydrogel were raised after mixing KC. The PVA/PVP/KC blended hydrogel irradiated showed satisfactory properties for wound dressing, it did not produce bubble during irradiation, and it could retard the water evaporation.

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The relations of variation of lattice stress to shape, peak concentrations of the P atom depth profile and Sb doses of P+Sb dual implantation were studied in high energy P implantation silicon. The experimental results show that the lattice stress in P-implanted silicon obviously increases with increasing ion dose. The stress of P-implanted silicon with the dose of 2×10¹³/cm² is 2.2 times greater than at a dose of 3.6×10¹²/cm². The stress decreases rapidly as the annealing time increases. It is very interesting that the stress has a negative value when the concentration of P atoms in the implanted layer is below 6×10¹⁶/cm³, whereas the stress becomes positive when the concentration is greater than 6×10¹⁶/cm³. The stress increases rapidly with increasing Sb ion dose after P implantation. The stress has a positive value before annealing. If the Sb dose is below 1×10¹⁶/cm², the stress is negative after annealing, and it is positive when the Sb dose is higher than 1×10¹⁶/cm². The stress is close to zero for a Sb implantation dose of 1×10¹⁶/cm². The best compensation dose of Sb to P implantation dose of 3×10¹⁶/cm² is 1×10¹⁶/cm².

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The behavior of the radiation damage of sapphire crystal, produced by implantation with 380 keV Nb⁺ ion followed by annealing in a series of steps from 500 to 1100°C at reducing atmosphere, was investigated in optical absorption and XPS measurements. It is found that the implanted niobium in sapphire is in different local environments with different chemical states after the annealing. The changes in optical density (OD) from the bands, based on the well known F-type centers, show that the annealing behavior of the radiation damage may be divided into different stages due to different mechanisms.

257

The electron spin resonance, transmission and reflection spectra showed that a steadily electron-type paramagnetic complex color point defect F_n center is produced by ⁶⁰Co γ-ray strong dose irradiation in a single crystal LiF. The γ-ray irradiation dose is too large to recognize any character peak ofF2-, F₂,F2+, and F₃ centers in the transmission and reflection spectra of the single crystal. LiF: F_n is opaque when wavelength is shorter than about 750 nm and has not reflection when wavelength is shorter than about 800 nm. The F_n center has a wide ESR peak with ΔB_pp of 8 millitesla and the effect g-factor is 1.998±0.002.

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Embedded cluster samples Ge:CaF₂ and Sn:CaF₂ with different sizes less than 8nm were produced and their optical properties were examined. Electron diffraction reveals that the clusters' structures are crystallites and compared with the bulk Germanium and Stannum, lattice constants expand about 4.7% in the case of Ge:CaF₂ and 5.2% of Sn:CaF₂. Optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra of these samples show good agreement with the Quantum-Confinement-Effect(QCE) theory. With the decreasing of the cluster's size, the energy gap broadens and the absorption edge blueshift is observed, and the absorption edge also shifts with the changing of the fraction of Sn and Ge. The XPS results show that in the cluster state, the binding energy becomes higher.

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The measured fields of the optical klystron in NSRL (National Sychrotron Radiation Laboratory) are given, including the distribution on the axis, and the integrated field distribution. The harmonic magnet field and the spectra of the spontaneous emission are analyzed, and the multiple field is presented by fitting the diagram. The influence of the integrated field on the close orbit of the beam and on the operation parameters of the storage ring, and the compensation in the experiment are also discussed.

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